| HST102 |
Lecture Outlines |
Spring 2006 |
January 12 The Legacy of War & Reconstruction
Questions: What were the lasting impacts of the Civil War? Did Reconstruction radically transform the South?
Terms: Thirteenth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, Fifteenth Amendment, Presidential Reconstruction, Congressional Reconstruction, Military Reconstruction, Andrew Johnson, carpetbaggers, scalawags, KKK, redemption
Outline:
- The War's Legacy
- Death Toll
- Amputees
- Widows and Orphans
- Economic Devastation
- Questions for Reconstruction
- Presidential Reconstruction
- Lincoln
- Johnson
- pardons
- black codes
- "restoration"
- Congressional Reconstruction
- Military Reconstruction
- Meanwhile, on the ground in the South
- Blacks in Reconstruction
- Reunited families
- Established routines for those families
- Established functional communities
- Whites in Reconstruction
- carpetbaggers
- scalawags
- KKK
- "redemption"
- Reconstruction: Success or Failure?
January 17 A New South?
Questions: In what ways did "New South" advocates hope to transform the South? To what extent was this "New South" realized by the end of the nineteenth century
Terms: Henry Grady, “New South” movement, sharecropping, crop-lien system, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois
Outline:
- Henry Grady and the "New South" credo
- Problems with the Old South
- Characteristics of a New South
- Dream or Reality?
- Urbanization
- Urban
- Urban growth
- Urbanization
- Industrialization
- Democratization
- 13th amendment
- Sharecropping & crop-lien systems
- 14th amendment
- Jim Crow and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- 15th amendment
- Voter restrictions
- A New South for African-Americans
- Booker T. Washington
- W. E. B. Dubois
January 24 The Rise of Industrial America
Questions: What conditions or factors promoted industrialization in nineteenth-century America? How did industrialization transform the lives of American workers? How did workers try to regain control of their working lives?
Terms: Bessemer process, Thomas Edison, the corporation, Managerial Revolution, horizontal/vertical integration, laissez faire, social Darwinism, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor
Outline:
- The American Economy in the Civil War
- Confederate Economy
- Union Economy
- Economy in 1861
- War Materials
- Farm Economy
- "Shoddy Aristocracy"
- Why Businesses Got So Big
- Technological Innovation
- Steel
- Refrigerator Cars
- Electricity
- Telephone
- Mechanization
- Scientific Management
- Combination
- Corporation
- Horizontal integration
- Vertical integration
- Trusts, holdings companies, and mergers
- Investment banking
- The New Industrial Worker
- The "New Immigrant"
- The Cost of Industrial Supremacy
- Massive Inequality
- Long hours and unsafe working conditions
- Cycle of boom and bust
- Child labor
- Labor degraded
- Justifying the Cost
- Social Darwinism
- Laissez Faire
- Why Labor Didn't Get Bigger
- Disagreements among organizers
- Socialists
- Trade unionists
- Knights of Labor
- Laborers had the vote
- Ward bosses delivered real services
- Real wages rose
January 26 The Rise of Urban America
Questions: How were American cities transformed in the late nineteenth century? What problems plagued American cities by century's end? How do Vaudeville, baseball, Coney Island, and the department store reflect the new urban culture?
Terms: Vaudeville, Coney Island, consumer culture, Gilded Age
Outline:
- Characteristics of the New Metropolis
- Demographics
- Building out, building up
- Ethnic divisions
- Class divisions
- Problems in the New Metropolis
- Creation of a New Urban Culture
- Vaudeville
- Sports
- The Department Store
- Coney Island
- Transformation of the American Dream
- Jefferson's Ideal
- Lincoln's Ideal
- The Modern Ideal
January 31 — Plight of the Farmer
Questions: What are the primary problems that
plagued farmers in the late nineteenth century? How did farmers attempt to
solve those problems? What was the Populist Party, and would you describe it
as a success or failure?
Terms: Grange, Farmers Alliances, Populist
Party, subtreasury plan, “free silver,” Election of 1896,
William Jennings Bryan
Outline:
- Problems plaguing farmers
- The Grange
- Farmers' Alliances
- The Populist Party (People's Party)
- Subtreasury plan
- "Free Silver"
- Fusion
- William Jennings Bryan
- The Electino of 1896 and the Populist dilemma
- Fusion: Populists & Democrats
- The Populist Decline
- The disastrous election of 1896
- Foreign distractions
- Prosperity
- Silver!
- Farmers in the Land of Oz
February 2 The Progressive Movement
Questions: What was the "Progressive Movement"? What were the primary issues and problems addressed by Progressives? How would you compare and contrast Populism and Progressivism?
Terms: Muckrakers, Prohibition, The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act / Pure Food and Drug Act, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Election of 1912, 19th Amendment, the "new" woman, referendum/recall/initiative
Outline:
- What Was Progressivism?
- Populism vs. Progressivism
- Progressive Ends
- Clean Up Government
- Clean up Capitalism
- Clean up the Cities
- Progressive Means
- Collective Action
- Expertise
- Pragmatism
- Cleaning Up Government
- Make government more responsive to the people
- Break the urban bosses
- Centralize authority
- Place control in the hands of experts
- Cleaning Up Capitalism
- Cleaning Up the Cities
- City Beautiful movement
- Exposure
- Development of professional social workers
- Settlement Houses
- Immigrant policies
- End to white slavery
- Support for the goals of organized labor
- Prohibition laws
- Progressive Presidents
- Theodore Roosevelt
- William Howard Taft
- Woodrow Wilson
February 7 America's Rise to World
Power
Questions: How would you characterize US
foreign policy up to the late nineteenth century? Did US foreign policy
change by the end of that century? If so, how did its focus change? What
arguments and ideals informed and shaped US foreign policy?
Terms: isolationism, Spanish-American War,
yellow journalism, DeLôme letter, Maine, Turner’s
Frontier Thesis, Open Door Notes
Outline:
- Traditional focus of US foreign policy
- Washington's Farewell Address
- Monroe Doctrine
- Isolationism
- Shift in US foreign policy?
- Territorial expansion and empire
- Spanish American War
- US & Cuba
- Economic relationship
- Ideological connection
- Yellow Journalism
- USS Maine
- DeLome letter
- War & the Peace
- Territorial Acquisition
- The debate over US imperialism
- The argument for expansion
- Jackson's "Frontier Thesis"
- Alfred Thayer Mahan
- The argument against expansion
- Economic expansion
- Boxer Rebellion
- Open Door Notes
February 14 Origins of US Involvement in WWI
Questions: What triggered the Great War (WWI), and why did it escalate into a global conflict? How did the war differ from what leaders had expected? What was the US response to the outbreak of war in 1914?
Terms: Franz Ferdinand, Princip and the Black Hand, limited/total war, machine gun, U-boat
Outline:
- Origins of the Great War
- Assasination Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Austria-Hungary
- Sarajevo
- Black Hand
- Gavrilo Princip
- Rise of Germany
- Alliance Systems
- Arms Races
- War Plans
- The Great War
- Expectations
- Reality
- Breaking the stalemate
- "The Arming of Earth"
- Limited/total war
- Machine gun
- U-boat
February 21 The Great War
Questions: What were the major events of WWI? Why did the United States intervene, and why did it wait until 1917? What role did Americans play in shaping the outcome?
Terms: "He Kept Us Out of the War," preparedness, Lusitania, Sussex Pledge, unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmermann telegram, Fourteen Points
Outline:
- Timeline to U.S. involvement
- Assassination
- War Begins
- Amerian "Neutrality"
- Second Battle of Ypres
- Lusitania
- Verdun
- Sussex Pledge
- Somme
- Wilson reelected
- resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
- Zimmerman telegram
- Declaration of war
- Why did the U.S. get involved?
- 1930s interpretation
- 1950s interpretation
- 1960s interpretation
- U.S. Contributions
- The Allied situation
- Germany's new u-boat campaign
- Russia's separate peace
- Nivelle offensive
- U.S. contributions
- Money, food, munitions, and other supplies
- Naval advice and escort vessels
- Troops?
- As many as half opposed the war
- Selective Service Act
- Propaganda
- Sluggish deployment, German final offensive, and endgame
- Aftermath
- Casualties
- Peace Treaty
- Spanish Flu
- A final "casualty"?
February 23 The Roaring Twenties: Modernism vs Traditionalism
Questions: How did World War I help usher in the "modern" age? To what extent did American society in the Twenties reflect the tensions between "modernism" and "traditionalism," or between the past and the future?
Terms: modernism, irony, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Sigmund Freud, Einstein's theory of relativity, Prohibition, the flapper, Harlem Renaissance, jazz, F. Scott Fitzgerald, the new Klan, Scopes Trial
Outline:
- Experience of Combat
- Facelessness of enemy
- Pointlessness of aggression
- Living as a "liminal" man
- Effects on culture
- In science
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
- Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)
- Cultural implications
- In painting
- In literature
- The ironic mode
- Franz Kafka
- Modernism in U.S.
- Art of alienation
- Jazz
- New woman
- The flapper
- automobiles
- The "New Negro"
- Harlem Renaissance
- Reactions to modernism
- Immigration restriction
- Prohibition
- KKK
- Fundamentalism
- The Scopes Monkey Trial
February 28 Hoover, the GOP, and the Great Depression
Questions: What are the primary causes of the Great Depression? What ideals and policies did the "New Era" Republicans represent? What was the response of the Hoover administration and the "New Era" Republicans to the Great Depression?
Terms: under-consumptionist theory, monetarist theory, Herbert Hoover, “New Era” Republicans, voluntarism/individualism/localism, trickle-down theory, RFC, POUR
Outline:
- The GOP in the Twenties
- Domination of the "New Era" Republicans (Harding, Coolidge, Hoover)
- Economic Prosperity
- Herbert Hoover
- The GOP and the Election of 1928
- Onset of the Great Depression
- Stock Market Crash
- Theories on the Depression's Origins
- Business & Investment Cycles
- The Marxist Interpretation
- The Monetarist Interpretation (Milton Friedman)
- The Under-Consumptionist Interpretation (John Maynard Keynes)
- Impact of the Great Depression
- Unemployment
- Homelessness & Hoovervilles
- Hunger
- Agriculture
- Business
- Banking
- Hoover and the GOP Response
- "New Era" Republican Political Philosophy
- Individualism
- Localism
- Voluntarism
- Tricke-Down Theory (Andrew Mellon)
- Inaction
- Action
- President's Organization on Unemployment Relief (POUR)
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
- Mixed Results and Mounting Opposition
- The Bonus March
- Continued Economic Decline
- The Election of 1932
March 2 FDR, "New Deal" Democrats, and the Great Depression
Questions: What ideals and policies did the "New Deal" Democrats represent? What was the response of the Roosevelt administration and the "New Deal" Democrats to the Great Depression?
Terms: Interregnum, Bonus Army, Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal, AAA, NIRA, Social Security Act, ERAA, Court-Packing Plan
Outline:
- Background
- The Election of 1932
- Lame Ducks & the Interregnum
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- The Bank Crisis
- The New Deal
- First New Deal
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
- National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
- Second New Deal
- Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (1935)
- Social Security Act (1935)
- Battle over the New Deal
- The Election of 1936 (FDR v. Alf Landon)
- Supreme Court
- Challenge to the New Deal
- The "Sick Chicken" case (1935)
- The Butler case (1936)
- Court-Packing Plan
- New Deal decline
- New Deal legacy
March 14 Between the Wars
Questions: What is the legacy of the Great War and how did it influence the coming of the Second World War? How did the US respond to the outbreak of WWII and why did it eventually intervene?
Terms: Versailles Treaty, League of Nations, isolationism, Washington Conference, Kellogg-Briand Pact, Neutrality Acts, Pearl Harbor
Outline:
- Legacy of the Great War
- Death and destruction
- Avoiding Another World War
- Versailles Treaty
- Punish Germany
- Restrict Germany
- Collective Secruity (League of Nations)
- Disarmament
- Washington Conference (1921-1922)
- London Conference (1930)
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1927)
- Germany and the Road to WWII
- Weimar Republic
- German Instability and Unrest
- Rise of Hitler
- German Aggression
- Austria
- The Sudetenland
- Czechoslovakia
- Poland
- The US Between the Wars
- US Isolationism
- Versailles Treaty
- League of Nations
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- Neutrality Acts
- The Limits of Isolationism
- Tourism
- Trade
- Political/Diplomatic involvement
- Western hemisphere
- Modification of Neutrality Acts
- Cash and Carry
- Lend-Lease Act
- US, Japan, and the Road to War
- Conflict in Asia and the Pacific
- Manchuria (Manchukuo)
- Sino-Japanese war
- US restrictions on Japan
- The Japanese gamble (Pearl Harbor)
- US intervention & a two-front war
March 16 World War II & Its Legacy
Questions: In what ways did World War II and its legacy mark a watershed in American history?
Terms: Rosie the Riveter, A. Philip Randolph, March on Washington Movement, Executive Order #8802, Manhattan Project, Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Outline:
- The War in Brief
- The War as a Watershed...in Warfare
- U.S. losses
- German losses
- Soviet losses
- The bomb
- ...In Diplomacy
- ...In Government
- Federal expenditures
- Federal employment
- Federal responsibilities
- ...In the U.S. Economy
- Employment
- GNP
- New optimism
- ...For African Americans
- New jobs in new places
- New attitudes
- Two front war for blacks
- Randolph and the MOWM
- FDR Executive Order #8802 and the FEPC
- ...For women
- New percentages
- New numbers
- New types of women
- New types of work
- New perceptions
- Questions for the movie, Rosie the Riveter
- Why were women mobilized during WWII?
- What contributions did they make?
- Were they legitimate targets?
- How were they demobilized?
- Did their experience change their outlook
March 23 Cold War at Home and Abroad
Questions: What is a Cold War? When did the Cold War begin, and why? What is the Red Scare?
Terms: Communism, “Second Front” controversy, atomic diplomacy, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Joseph McCarthy
Outline:
- Background to Cold War
- Russian Revolution
- Communism
- Allied intervention
- No US recognition
- World War II
- "Second Front" Controversy
- Atomic diplomacy
- Postwar goals
- The Emerging Cold War
- Cold War Tensions
- US perspective
- Poland
- Stalin's speech of 1946
- Greece & Turkey
- US response
- Marshall Plan
- Truman Doctrine
- NATO
- Soviet perspective
- Japan
- Truman's speech
- Militarily aggressive (NATO)
- Cold War Impact
- Domestic Cold War (Red Scare)
- Joseph McCarthy
- Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
- Alger Hiss
March 30 The Fifties
Questions: Were the 1950s a "Golden Age" for America? Why were such images created and why do they persist?
Terms: Serviceman's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill), Interstate Highway Act, marriage boom, baby boom, housing boom, Levittowns, suburbinization, Betty Friedan, McCarthyism, Michael Harrington, The Other America, beatniks
Outline:
- Postwar Prosperity
- Reasons for Postwar Prosperity
- Destruction of WWII
- Cold War military-industrial complex
- Government policies
- Fear of return of depression
- Marshall Plan
- Serviceman's Readjustment Act (1944)
- Interstate Highway Act
- Education and R&D
- The new consumerism
- Flood of capital
- Wider distribution of wealth
- Marriage and baby booms
- Housing boom and Levittowns
- Automobiles
- suburbanization
- A Golden Age?
- Betty Friedan
- McCarthyism
- The Other America
- The Beats
- Civil Rights
April 4 & 6 Vietnam
Questions: Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? What were the goals and strategies employed by the United States in the Vietnam War? What obstacles did Americans face during that war? What impact did the war have on American society?
Terms: French Indochina, Ho Chi Minh, the Geneva Accords, Ngo Dinh Diem, Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Americanization, Vietnamization, Tet Offensive, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon
Outline:
- Historical context
- China
- France
- Indochina
- Burdens of colonialism
- Reverence of patriots/nationalists
- Ho Chi Minh: nationalist and communist
- Japan & WWII
- The poswar question: would France regain control of Vietnam or not?
- International context
- Cold War struggle
- Containment
- Expectations for WWIII
- Assisting the French
- Turning Points for the United States in Vietnam
- 1954
- Diebienphu
- Geneva Accords
- Temporary Division (17th parallel)
- Ho Chi Minh
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- Elections in 1956
- Passing the torch to the United States
- Goal: create or preserve a self-sustaining, non-communist government in Vietnam
- Means
- Problems: JFK & Diem
- 1964-65
- LBJ & the Great Society
- Tonkin Gulf Crisis & Resolution
- Americanization
- Goal: create or preserve a self-sustaining, non-communist government in Vietnam
- Means
- Problems: film and supplementary readings
- 1968
- Tet Offensive
- Election of 1968
- Nixon's "secret plan"
- Detente
- Vietnamization
- Goal
- Means
- Problems
- The Vietnam Legacy
April 11 The Early Civil Rights Movement
Questions: What were the main events of the Civil Rights Movement? How did the movement evolve over time?
Terms: Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King, SCLC, Little Rock Nine, Orval Faubus, Sit-ins, Greensboro Four, SNCC, Freedom Rides, "Letter From a Birmingham Jail," Bull Connor, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream"
Outline:
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
- The Montgomery bus system
- Rosa Parks
- The boycott
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- The Little Rock Nine
- The Sit-ins
- Greensboro Four
- The movement spreads
- Formation of SNCC
- The Freedom Rides
- Anniston
- Robert Kennedy suggests voter registration
- Birmingham
- Bull Connor
- "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"
- March on Washington
April 20 The Sixties
Questions: How did the seeming consensus of the 1950s degenerate into the violence and conflict of the 1960s?
Terms: New Frontier, Great Society, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, War on Poverty, Freedom Summer, Stokely Carmichael, Black Power, SDS, Weathermen, counterculture, Black Panthers
Outline:
- The Decade Opens in Optimism
- Kennedy and Jackie vs. Ike and Mamie
- Kennedy's Inaugural Address
- The New Frontier
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Apollo Commitment
- Peace Corps
- Alliance for Progress
- Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- Speech on Civil Rights
- Assassination
- Johnson picks up the mantle
- 1964 election
- The Great Society
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- War on Poverty
- Radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement
- SNCC registering voters and losing faith
- Freedom Summer
- Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
- Stokely Carmichael and Black Power
- Radicalization of the Student Movement
- Demographics
- Students for a Democratic Society
- Radicalized with SNCC and forced out
- Free Speech movement in Berkeley
- Vietnam on campus
- Weatherman Manifesto
- Counterculture
- Hippies
- Rejection of the 1950s
- Drug culture
- Sexual revolution
- Exotic religions
- Return to nature
- The decade closes
- Tet
- Black Panthers
- Martin Luther King's assassination
- Robert F. Kennedy's assassination
- Charles Manson
- Woodstock and Altamont
- The election of Richard Nixon
April 25 The Seventies
Questions: Why can the seventies be called the disillusioned decade? What illusions did we have and where did we lose them?
Terms: Kent State, stagflation, Cuyahoga River fire, Love Canal, Three Mile Island, Watergate, Ayatollah Khomeini, hostage crisis
Outline:
- Vietnam and the Limits of the Cold War Paradigm
- Nixon's promise of "peace with honor" masks another credibility gap
- Kent State, Jackson State, Tonkin Gulf repeal
- South Vietnam falls to communism
- Experience forces America to reexamine its cold war assumptions
- Recession and the Limits of the American Economy
- Inflation due to Great Society and Vietnam
- Foreign competition
- Stagflation
- OPEC embargo
- Weight of the Military-Industrial complex
- Baby bust?
- Pollution and the Limits of the Environment
- Cuyahoga River fire
- Love Canal
- Three Mile Island
- Symbols of a greater problem
- Watergate and the limits of American Politics
- Shady dealings
- Massive illegal fundraising by CREEP
- "Dirty tricks"
- The "plumbers"
- G. Gordon Liddy
- The burglary
- The cover-up
- Butterfield and the tape system
- The legacy of Watergate
- The Hostage Crisis and the Limits of American Power
- Relations with Iran pre-1970s
- Weapons for oil program
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- Embassy falls
- Rescue attempt fails
- Reagan's secret deal
- Conclusions