BIO 100
STUDY GUIDE, CHAPTER 4: A TOUR OF THE CELL
1. What term is used to describe the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects that are extremely close together as separate objects?
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2. Which type of microscope would you use to study A) living cells lining the respiratory tract to determine how the cells use tiny hairs to move dirt and mucus away from the lungs; B) the finest details of surface texture of a human hair; C) the detailed structure of an organelle in a human liver cell?
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A.
B.
C.
3.Which one of the following is true? As cell size increases, the volume and suface area decrease, surface area increases faster than the volume, volume incfreases faster than the surface area, or surface area and volume increase at the same rat?
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4. Red
blood cells, which transport O2, are among the smallest of human cells.
What is one functional advantage of their small size?
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5. Your throat is dry, and you want the last cough drop in the box to last a long time in your mouth. What should you do?
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6. Select from among the following, the cell that would have the greatest surface-to-volume ratio: ostrich egg, human muscle cell, human red blood cell, or a bacterium?
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7. Of the following structures, which one is not found in prokaryotic cells: a cell wall, pili, ribosomes, a capsule, or a membrane-bound nucleus?
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8. What is contained within the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell?
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9. You were told that the cells on a microscopic slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. Your observations revealed the presence of cell walls, membrane-bound organelles, cells containing a large central vacuole,and lacking centrioles.What conclusion did you make regarding the cells?
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10. Name the organelle that is responsible for producing hydrogen peroxide. Why isn't this chemical harmful to living cells?
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11. What is being described: A process that often occurs on the surfaces of internal membranes, can occur within organelles, includes different processes that require different conditions, and can involve the synthesis of steroid hormones and protein hormones?
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12. What anatomical arrangement found within eukaryotic cells allows different metabolic processes to occur at the same time?
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13. Identify what is being described: contain proteins vital for metabolic activities, form membranous compartments called organelles, greatly increase a cell's total membrane area, and provide additional area where many metabolic activities occur?
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14.A) What are long thin fibers of DNA and protein called? B) What are these same fibers called when they appear during cellular reproduction (in a coiled state)?
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A.
B.
15. Based only on structure, which one of the following organelles does not belong in the list: mitochondrion, chloroplast, ribosome, lysosome, peroxisome? Why
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16. What is being described: Contains DNA which is passed on to daughter cells during cell division, builds ribosomes and copies DNA instructions into RNA?
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17.The production of membranes and modification of proteins to be secreted by cells is a function of which organelle?
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18. Which structure includes all the others in the list that follows: Rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, endomenbrane system, nuclear envelope, or membrane?
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19. What part of a living cell serves as the site for the release of secretory proteins?
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20. Name the cellular organelles whose functions are to store calcium in muscle cells (regulating muscle contraction), detoxifies harmful drugs, and synthesize lipids; including steroids, such as sex hormones?
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21. What organelle's functions are being described: stores, modifies, and packages proteins?
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22. . Chemically, hair is a protein which is coated by oils to prevent drying out or desiccation. Based only on the information given, A. THE HAIR CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE HAIR CONTAIN A LOT OF ........B. WHILE THE CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE THE OILS CONTAIN A LOT OF ......
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A.
B.
23. Insulin is a protein that is made by cells of the pancreas and secreted into the bloodstream. Trace the path that insulin takes from the point of its synthesis until it is released from the cells into the bloodstream.
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24. List four distinct functions of lysosomes.
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25. If a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes have a tendency to rupture; releasing their contents into the cell. How would this affect the cell?
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26. Explain why the term "rough" is used in describing some endoplasmic reticulum.
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27. List four distinct functions performed
by the large centralized vacuole found in plant cells.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
28. Name the organelle that is found in some freshwater organisms that is responsible for preventing cells from bursting as a result of the entrance of excess water.
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29. You accidentally dumped two loads of wastes into your pond. Later on, you found out that a chemical in the wastes rendered the contractile vacuole functionless in some protists. If you were to examine some of these protists under the microscope, what would you expect to find?
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30. Explain how transport vesicles help tie together the endomembrane system.
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31. What is being described: contain membrane folds called cristae? Contain
disk like vesicles in stacks called grana?
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A.
B.
32. What is being described: a thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane.
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33 .A) What is being described in the following descriptions: Converts the chemical energy of sugars and other organic molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP? (B) Converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates and to other forms of chemical energy?
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A.
B.
34. What specialized part of the mitochondria are adaptations that increase the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to synthesize ATP?
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35. Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function, and because
of this what cellular process would be halted or slowed down?
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36. A drug that interferes with microubule formation would most likely completely disrupt which one of the following activities: production of ribosomes, movement of an ameoba, the function of lysosomes, the movement of sperm or the contraction of muscle cells?
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37. Distinguish the following: microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments based only on chemical composition and function.
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A.
B.
C.
38. A) Describe the internal structure
of a basal body. B) What cellular organelle matches its identity?
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A.
B.
39. Which one of the following statements is not true regarding plant cell walls: Plant cell walls consist of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. The cell wall of one plant cell is separated from the cell wall of another by a layer of sticky polysaccharides that glues the cells together. Plant cell walls are multi layered structures. Plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell. Plant cell walls are the major components of wood.
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40. What is being described: penetrate plant cell walls, are one type of cell junction in plants, carry chemical messages between plant cells and carry nutrients between plant cells?
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41. Mrs. Sarah Jones is having trouble becoming pregnant. Examination of her
husband's perm indicates that dynein arms are missing from the microtubules
within the flagella of his sperm. What did the physician tell Mrs. Jones that
may explain her inability to become fertile?
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42. Identify the chemical substance that surrounds or embeds most animal cells.
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43. Name the cell junction that would be essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion.
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44. What is responsible for attaching skin cells to the extracellular matrix?
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45. Among the following organelles, which one is not associated with the breakdown of harmful substances or substances that are no longer needed by the cell: vacuoles, peroxisomes, mitochondria, or lysosomes?
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46. Which of the following are features of all cells on Earth: able to interconvert
chemical materials, have DNA as the genetic material, can interconvert forms
of energy, or are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions
different from the surroundings?
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