Chapter Ten
Urinary System and Excretion
*1. Which of the following functions are mismatched? excretes metabolic wastes -- rids the body of urea, maintains the water-salt balance --- helps regulate blood pressure, secretes hormones --- secretes erythropoietin, or maintains the acid-base balance --- rids the body of uric acid.
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*2. Which part of a nephron is first out of sequence? glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of the nephron (Henle), or collecting duct?
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*3. Among the following hormones, which one is most likely to directly cause a drop in blood pressure: aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), erythropoietin, or atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?
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4. In humans, water is: found in the glomerular filtrate, in the urine,or reabsorbed from the nephron?
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*5. The function of the loop of the nephron (Henle) in the process of urine formation is to do what? reabsorb water, produce filtrate, reabsorb solutes, or secrete solutes?
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*6. Which of the following is a structural difference between the urinary systems of males and females: Males have a longer urethra than females. In males, the urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems. In males, the urethra passes through the prostate.
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*7. Which one of the following structures is associated with glomerular filtration: collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, or glomerular capsule?
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*8. The presence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes which one of the following to occur: excretion of sugars, excretion of less water, or the excretion of more water?
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9. Which of the following will lower blood acidity: Hydrogen ions are excreted, and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed. Urea, uric acid, and ammonia are excreted. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted. Hydrogen ions are reabsorbed, and bicarbonate ions are excreted. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed.
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10. Which one of the following is associated more closely with the excretion of a hypertonic urine in humans: the loop of the nephron (Henle) and collecting duct, the proximal convoluted tubule only, the glomerular capsule and the tubules, or the distal convoluted tubule and peritubular capillary?
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*11. The function of erythropoietin[orienting is to do which of the following: reabsorb sodium ions, reabsorb water, stimulate red blood cell production, excrete potassium ions or, to increase blood pressure?
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12. What is responsible for the striped appearance of the renal medulla: loops of the nephron, peritubular capillaries, collecting ducts or a combination of the loops of the nephron and collecting ducts?
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*13. Among the following materials, which would not be maximally reabsorbed from the filtrate: water, amino acids, urea, sodium ions, glucose or water?
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*14. When tracing the path of the filtrate, the loop of the nephron follows which structure?
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*15. When tracing the path of blood, which blood vessels follows the renal artery: peritubular capillary, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, renal vein, or the efferent arteriole?
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*16. By what process are most molecules secreted from the blood into the tubules: facilitated diffusion, osmosis, diffusion, or active transport?
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*17. Which of the following materials would not normally be filtered from the blood at the glomerulus: water, protein, glucose, sodium ions, or urea?
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*18. Which of the following is not a correct statement? Urea is the primary nitrogenous waste of humans. Ammonia results from the deamination of amino acids. Uric acid is produced from the breakdown of amino acids. Creatine is produced from the breakdown reactions in the muscles.
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*Match the function of the urinary system to the human organ system that appears in the key. KEY: A. reproductive system B. cardiovascular system C. muscular system D. digestive system E. endocrine system F. respiratory system G. nervous system (19-25)
19. Liver synthesizes urea.
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20. Lungs excrete carbon dioxide and also convert angiotensin I to angiotensisn II, leading to kidney regulation.
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21. Smooth muscular contraction assists voiding of urine.
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22. Brain controls nerves, which innervate muscles that permit urination.
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23. ADH, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone regular reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys.
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24. Blood vessels deliver waste to be excreted.
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25. The penis in males contains the urethra and performs urination.
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*26. Sodium is actively extruded from which part of the nephron: descending portion of the collecting duct, ascending portion of the distal convoluted tubule, ascending portion of the loop of the nephron (Henle), or descending portion of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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*Use the key that follows to match each of the substances to the processes of urine formation: KEY: A. glomerular filtration B. tubular reabsorption C. tubular secretion (27-30)
27. Hydrogen ions?
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28. Urea?
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29. Glucose?
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30. Amino acids?
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31. Which portion of the nephron has cells with a brush border and many mitochondria: glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, loop of the nephron (Henle), or the proximal convoluted tubule?
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*32. Label the diagram shown on page 206, Number 35.
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33. Where does the process of glomerular filtration primarily occur?
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34. A countercurrent mechanism draws water from which part (s)of a nephron?
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35. Name four different organs that all function in excretion.NOTE: only one organ must come from the urinary system!!! Refer to pg 201.
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36.. Identify each organ or function based on the following descriptions:
A. Stores urine permitting controlled urination?
B. Connects the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body?
C. Transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
D. The most common site of urinary tract infections?
Answers:A B C D
37. In which sex is the urethra the shortest? Based on your answer to the previous question, in which sex is bladder infection more common?
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38. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Produce hormones that stimulate red blood cell production, maintain water and salt balance in the body, regulate the pH of the blood or holds up to 600 ml of urine in a hollow, muscular organ?
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39. Which of the following is an accurate description of the collecting ducts: Are found within the renal medulla, transport urine, are not a part of the nephron, or empty into the renal pelvis?
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40.. Identify each organ, part of an organ or function based on the following descriptions:
A. Specific location of the renal pyramids?
B. The microscopic anatomical structures within the kidneys that form urine?
C. Receives filtered material from the blood?
D. Capillaries that are enclosed by the glomerular capsule?
Answers: A B C D
41. Select the correct phrase from among the following: Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is (lower than; in other capillary beds. higher than in other capillary beds. is responsible for maintaining filtration?
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42. Which one of the following statements about the glomerulus is incorrect? Blood pressure basically accounts for filtration. Small molecules move from the glomerular capsule into the glomerulus. It is composed of capillaries. It is connected to arterioles at both ends. It is surrounded by the glomerular capsule.
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43. Why does alcohol consumption increase urine production?
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44. Give the exact location of the osmoreceptors which monitor the concentration of blood. HINT: Last paragraph, first column, pg 219
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45. (A)From a functional point of view, what are diuretics? (B)Would a person who suffers from hypertension take such drugs?Explain your answer.
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46. Select from among the following the one that is not a nitrogenous waste product: ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, bile pigment, or urea?
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47. True or False: the Concentrations of wastes, such as urea, are usually higher in urine than in plasma.
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48. Urea is a waste product resulting from metabolism of what class of organic polymers or macromolecules?
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49. Match each of the following descriptions with a process, a location, or a specific chemical.
A. The pigment that gives urine its characteristic yellow color?
B. The end product of muscle cell(fiber) metabolism?
C. Location where most of tubular secretion occurs?
D. Used to form urine that requires a high blood pressure?
E. Is vital for water reabsorption?
F. Creates a high osmotic pressure in the medulla?
F. Exhibits active release of sodium from the ascending limb?
Answers: A B C D E F
50.(A) What is the final result of the action of ADH? (B)How does this hormone act to maintain blood volume?
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51. Which structure monitors blood pressure in the kidney? How?
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52. What is an undesirable (clinical) result of the continual release of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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53. What is the source of ADH (anti diuretic hormone) release?
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54. Which one of the following is released in response to decreased arterial pressure and decreased flow in the proximal convoluted tubules: renin, erythropoietin, or the renal factor?
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55. If the blood becomes too alkaline, then what must happen to compensate?
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56. In terms of composition, how does urine differ from plasma? HINT: Refer to page 195, second column bottom table.
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57. Choose the statement, which is not accurate regarding kidney problems: In most situations, renal failure is not life threatening. Blood in the urine is called uremia. Glomerular damage may lead to blockage of the glomeruli. Urinary tract infections are a fairly common occurrence.
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58. What is the most likely cause for excess glucose being excreted in the urine? Diabetes is not the answer.
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59. Which one of the following is an accurate description of hemodialysis: It is used to remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood. It removes toxins from the blood. It adds bicarbonate ions to the blood.
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60. What is the role of ANH in the regulation of blood volume?
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61. Give the correct sequence of blood vessels (blood flow) from the abdominal aorta through the kidney tubule and back to the inferior vena cava.
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62.Through which organ do the urinary and reproductive tracts come into direct contact?
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63. Which substance is NOT normally found in urine? uric acid, urea, glucose, or water?
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