BIO 210

STUDY GUIDE; CHAPTER 16 - FOOD RESOURCES

1. What is being described in the following situations: shifting cultivation on small plots in tropical forests? A single type of crop is generally grown? Required large inputs of fossil fuels, water, and inorganic fertilizers? THe type of agriculture that is most typical of developed coutnries? The type of agriculture that is most typical of developing coutnries?

2. Since 1950, what practice has led to an increase in food production?

3. What is being described: dwarf varieties of plants, fast growing, allowing multiple cropping, and high-yield varieties of plants?

4. Which of the following factors have contribute to a doubling of U.S. food productivity since 1940: increased use of fossil fuels, increased use of pesticides, increased amount of cultivated land, or incfreased use of inorganic fertilizers?

5. Identify three factors that could limit the increase in the yield of foods resulting from the green revolution.

6. Identify what is being described: contributes 18% to the GNP of this country and has the largest total annual sales in this country?

7. Taking in to account, the whole U.S. food system, about how many units of fossil-fuel energy is required to put 1 unit of food energy on the table?

8. Select from among the following, the one that requires the greatest in;put of energy: sosybeans, milk produced by grass-red cows, intensive wehat or rice, or feedlot beef?

9. What is being described: involves growing two or more different crops on a plot of land at the same time?

10. What do the following have in common: agroforestry, polyvarietal cultivation, and intercropping?

11. Briefly, distinguish the following: undernutrition, malnutrition, Marasmus, overnutrition, and Kwashiorkor.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

12. What is a common practice used in developing countries of the world to help prevent the majority of blindness?

13. What is a causative agent of anemia? Goiter?

14. TRUE/FALSE

A. The estimated number of malnourished people fell from 940 million in 1970 to 828 million in 1996.

B. One of every ten people in developing countries are undernourished or malnourished.

C. Almost 90% of the malnourished people in the world live in Asia and Africa.

D. The proportion of people suffering from chronic undernutrition fell from 36% to 14% in the last quarter century

15. In regards to the effects that a practice would have on soil, which one of the following would have the least effect on modern agricultural practices: desertification, waterlogging, replenishment of soil fertility, or salinization?

16. With respect to activities that cause more pollution and environmental degradation, how would you rank agriculture?

17. Which of the following effects is agriculture as it is currently practiced least likely to have onwater resources: flooding from land cleared to grow crops, recharging of aquifers, sediment pollution from erosion, or cultural eutrophication?

18. Identify from among the following statements the one that is the most controversial agricultural practice: gene banking, increasing irrigation, genetically modifying food, or cultivatiing more land?

19. Identify the folling plant based upon this description: "supermarket on a stalk".

20. What practice is being described: could reduce soil erosion, sediment water pollution, and the amount of water used?

21. TRUE/FALSE

A. Green-revolution plants are less expensive than regular varieties.

B. Monocultures of newly developed plants lead to greater plant diversity.

C. Loss of biodiversity limits green-revolution approaches.

D. Green-revolution plants rerquire less water and fertilizer.

22. What does the following statement describe? If the plants don't fit the environment, we use genetic enegineering.

23. Which one of the following does not belong with the other three with regards to predictions made by agricultural experts hoping to increase food production in the future: grow plants in salty soil, produce plants that wil make their own nigtrogen fertilizer, grow plants that do not require light to produce their food, or grow plants that are resistant to drought?

24. If an agricultural expert has plans on storing the world's varieties of seeds in seed banks, agricultural centers, and botanical gardens which one of the following would he least likely consider: varieties of platns that do not store well, power failure and fires, space and money, or a lack of knowledge about how to store seeds?

25. Select from among the following, the one that is most energy efficient to produce: cattle, chicken, catfish, or pigs?

26. What is being described: growing leaf bases of grasses?

27. Give one rationale for selecting water pollution over the following: bad smells, dispersion of livesgtock operations throughout the country, animal rights groups releasing domestic livestock.

28. What is the single factor, or practice, that is the cause of most overgrazing?

29. What is being described: can be destroyed by tramping and overgrazing? BE SPECIFIC.

30. What practice is being described: allows no or limited grazing on riparian areas?

31. Which one of the followiing is a major goal of range management: soil conservation, mining of fossil fuel, recreation, or maximizing livesstock productivity without overgrazing?

32. What is the world's marine catch projection for the future?

33. In terms of location, whatis the sorude of most of the commerical fish catch?

34. What is being described: supplies 20% of the world's commerical fish harvest?

35. What is China noted for in section 16.5?

36. What the ultimate result of overfishing?

37. List or name three factors that could account for the prediction that the world's marine catch is not expected to significantly increase .

38. Among the following factors, which would make sustainable yield difficult to estimate: Counting aquatic populations isn't easy. Pollution levels change. Harvesting one species' surplus may affect another species' food supply?

39. Based upon your knowledge of the information gathered thus far, which one of the following would you pick as being the most influential as an aquaculture benefit in developed and some rapidly developing countries: bears, sports fishermen, lower-income people, developing countries?

40. If one wanted to invest in fish ranching, which of the following would be most useful: lake trout, carp, salmon, or tilapia?

41. State why trout would not be included in the following group: carp, clams, and tilapia.

42. TRUE/FALSE

A. Governments often provide assistance to farmers because farmers have little control over weather, crop prices, and crop pest.

B. Governments can influence the food supply by giving farmers subsidies.

C. Governmetns in many developing countries keep food prices low to prevent political unrest in the cities.

D. Governnment subsidies may reduce the incentive for farmers to grow crops.

E. Large amounts of food aid can discourage receiving governnments from investing in rural agricultural development to grow sustainable crops.

F. Food made available to a country may not reach the poor and hungry because of transportation problems, robbery, graft, and bribes, and pests and storage problems.

43. Who is being described: defended her work against a well-funded campaign to discredit her findings? Wrote the best seller: Silent Spring?

44. List three features of the ideal pesticide.

45. What is the most serious drawback to using chemicals to control pests?

46. List three reasons why the use of broad-spectrum pesticides would be inadvisable.

47. What is the relationship between USDA and the number 2?

48. Cites three limitations to building in resistance to pests.

49. What is being described: "Is often self-perpetuating once established?"

50. Name one method of insect control that will eventually lead to sterilization.

51. What is being described: is a specieds-specific chemical sex attractant and is not harmful to nontarget species?

52. List two weaknesses of using pheromones.

53. Identify the chemical that is being described: controls an organism's growth and development?

54. TRUE/FALSE: Insect development and metamorophosis are controlled by pheromones.

55. What is being described: can reduce pre-harvest pet-induced crop losses by 50%?

56. Name three ways that IPM could be promoted.

57. What is one practice that you as an individual, can do to help protect the food supply and fight pests responsibly?

58. List three features of sustainable agriculture.

59. What is being described: a practice that minimizes erosion?

60. TRUE/FALSE - An individual can support the concept of sustainable-Earth agriculture by developing a home garden using appropriate principles.